Politics of Patience
Lessons on sovereignty and subjectivity from failed fieldwork in Rwanda
Public Defence of PhD thesis by Rose Løvgren.
The thesis addresses practices of the state in Rwanda, and the experiences and reactions of those subjected to these practices. The Rwandan state has a long history of ordering and exercising intense control over its people. The most atrocious example played out from April to July in 1994 when the erstwhile government initiated a genocide attempting eradicate a whole part of the population. Since the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) overthrew this government the party has remained in power and RPF to a large extent continues the tradition of reaching into and practicing regulation over some of the most intimate aspects of life in Rwanda. The thesis pays special attention to the instability of the surfaces of the state and those subjected to its rule. It analyzes how the state’s many transgressions set in motion a multiplication of violence across social spheres, making it difficult to assess when, whether and how the state is present. The continuous changes in political agendas moreover work to effect routinized uncertainty about what the state actually wants from its subjects. Politics of Patience refers to the precarious political, social and economic situation in Rwanda that produce patient political subjectivities, and in turn to the politics effected by those subjectivities. The study is based on fieldwork as well as what I term failed fieldwork about the rehabilitation center for ‘delinquent’ male youth on Iwawa Island in Lake Kivu, amounting to 13 months. Based on fieldwork where I could do little to influence the process and which ended in deportation, I read my fragmented empirical material on different political practices together by emphasizing the examples in which state violence spills over beyond the state’s utility. Related to this form of violence, I draw on my autoethnographic experiences with sexually harassing state representatives and read them together with other forms of empirical material to highlight the ways in which local representatives of sovereignty influence the state’s agendas, even when they have little to no way to push back against directives from a centralized and omnipresent state. In a context marked by unpredictability, the thesis examines practices of patience, acceptance and compliance among those exposed to the state’s power. This focus is partly motivated by Saba Mahmood’s argument that these are understudied and undertheorized aspects of how people relate to power both in- and outside of Rwanda. The thesis analyzes acceptance in the context of understanding negative emotions as destructive and devastating to survival of extreme hardships. It moreover analyzes descriptions of a patient and compliant attitude as a response to a sense that the authorities were trying to trick my respondents into making themselves arrestable. Drawing on poststructuralist approaches to subjectivity, I characterize fragmented and shifting subjectivities whose agency does not rest in an undominated core, but in the exercise of control over the narrative they tell themselves or others. That is, even though practices of compliance may at times exhibit contradictions or a commitment to subordination, agency is retained in the continued capacity for narration. And with it, the capacity to change the story should circumstances change.
Afhandlingen omhandler statens praksisser i Rwanda, samt oplevelserne og reaktionerne hos dem der bliver udsat for disse praksisser. Staten i Rwanda har en lang tradition for at udøve intens administration og kontrol over sit folk. Det grusomste eksempel fandt sted mellem april og juli i 1994, da den daværende regering igangsatte et folkedrab i et forsøg på at udrydde en del af befolkningen. Siden Rwandas Patriotiske Front (RPF) styrtede denne regering har partiet forblevet ved magten, og RPF fortsætter i høj grad statens praksis med at række ind i og regulere nogle af de mest intime aspekter af livet i Rwanda. Afhandlingen retter særlig opmærksomhed mod ustabiliteten i overfladerne på både staten og dem staten udøver sin magt på. Den undersøger hvordan statens mange overskridelser af grænser igangsætter en multiplikation af vold henover forskellige sociale sfærer, og gør det svært at afgøre hvornår, hvorvidt og hvordan staten er nærværende. De løbende skift i politiske agendaer skaber derudover gennemgående usikkerhed omkring hvad staten faktisk vil have fra sine undersåtter. Tålmodighedens politik refererer til den prekære politiske, sociale og økonomiske situation i Rwanda som producerer tålmodige politiske subjektiviteter, og omvendt til den politik der skabes af disse subjektiviteter. Studiet er baseret på feltarbejde, såvel som hvad jeg kalder mislykket feltarbejde, om rehabili-teringscenteret for ‘afvigende’ unge mænd placeret på øen Iwawa i Kivu-søen – i alt 13 måneder. Baseret på feltarbejde hvor jeg havde begrænset indflydelse på processen, og som endte i deportation, binder jeg mit fragmenterede empiriske materiale vedrørende forskellige politiske praksisser sammen ved at fokusere på de eksempler, hvori statens vold flyder over, udover hvad der er til brug for staten. Relateret til denne form for vold trækker jeg på mine autoetnografiske oplevelser med sexchikanerende repræsentanter for staten, og læser dem sammen med andre empiriske eksempler for at fremhæve de måder hvorpå lokale repræsentanter for suverænitet har indflydelse på statens agendaer, også når de stort set ingen mulighed har for at afslå direktiver fra en centraliseret og allestedsnærværende stat. I en kontekst præget af uforudsigelighed, undersøger afhandlingen praksisser præget af tålmodighed, accept og indvilligelse blandt de mennesker, staten udøver sin magt på. Motivationen for at lægge vægt på disse praksisser er delvist baseret på Saba Mahmood’s argument om, at de er lidet undersøgte og underteoretiserede aspekter af, hvordan mennesker forholder sig til magt både inden i og uden for Rwanda. Afhandlingen analyserer accept i en kontekst, hvor negative følelser opfattes som farlige og potentielt ødelæggende for overlevelse af ekstreme lidelser. Den analyserer ydermere beskrivelser af en tålmodig og indvilligende indstilling som en reaktion på en opfattelse af, at autoriteterne prøvede at narre mine respondenter til at gøre sig selv arresterbare. Ved at trække på poststrukturalistiske tilgange til subjektivitet, karakteriserer jeg fragmenterede og skiftende subjektiviteter, hvis agens ikke hviler i en udomineret kerne, men i udøvelsen af kontrol over det narrativ de fortæller sig selv eller andre. Det vil sige, at selvom praksisser præget af indvilligelse somme tider indeholder modsigelser eller en tilknytning til underordnelse, bevares agens i den fortsatte evne til at fortælle. Og dermed bevares evnen til at ændre historien, skulle vilkårene ændre sig.
Assessment Committee
- Associate Professor Birgitte Schepelern Johansen, chairman (University of Copenhagen)
- Associate Professor Marsha henry (London School of Economics)
- Dr. Andrea Purdeková (University of Bath)
Moderator of defence
- Associate Professor Marie Sandberg (University of Copenhagen)
Copies of the thesis will be available for consultation before the defence at the following three places:
- At the Information Desk of Copenhagen University Library, South Campus
- In Reading Room East of the Royal Library (the Black Diamond)
- At the Saxo-Institute, Karen Blixens Vej 8, 2300 Copenhagen S.