Persistently Pre-Modern
Dynamics of Change in the World of Late Pre-Modernity
Public Defence of PhD thesis by Lars-Emil Nybo.
In World History, the 17th and 18th centuries represent an ambivalent period, conceptually caught between the realms of tradition and modernity. Conventionally, European scholarship has interpreted major developments of this period through a framework of modernization, with the conceptualization of the period as an ‘early modernity’ gaining ground. In recent decades the notion of an early modernity has been extended to serve as a framework for global history as well.
This thesis challenges these frameworks of modernization and early modernity on the grounds of their inherent teleological problems. Instead, it argues that the major developments of the 17th and 18th centuries can be largely accounted for in terms of the continuous workings of pre-modern dynamics of change and stability. The argument of the thesis is structured around a comparative analysis of processes of economic development, state formation, and the formation of social elites in China, France, and the Austrian Habsburg Empire, c. 1650-1800. By departing from the usual pattern of East-West comparison and using China as the model case for the analysis, the thesis provides a new perspective on the major developments in the period, stressing their deep continuities with pre-modernity.
On this basis, the thesis argues for a reconceptualization of the period as ‘late pre-modernity’, a period characterized by the continuation and extension of the pre-modern, agrarian social formations.
Det 17. og 18. århundrede udgør en ambivalent periode i historien, fanget mellem tradition og modernitet. I europæisk historieskrivning er tidens store forandringer almindeligvis blevet tolket som modernisering, og i stigende grad bliver der talt om perioden som ”tidlig modernitet”. I nyere globalhistorie er den tidlige modernitet endog blevet fortolket som et globalt fænomen.
Denne afhandling udgør en kritik af disse forståelsesrammer, der må opfattes som udtryk for en teleologisk tilgang til verdenshistorien. De større udviklingstendenser, der gjorde sig gældende i det 17. og 18. århundrede, bliver her i stedet forklaret som udslag af førmoderne udviklingsdynamikker. Afhandlingens kerne udgøres af en komparativ analyse af økonomisk udvikling, statsdannelse og dannelsen af samfundseliter i Kina, Frankrig og det østrigske Habsburgerrige i perioden ca. 1650-1800. Modsat tidligere traditioner for komparation, hvor Europa tages som udgangspunkt, tager afhandlingens analyse udgangspunkt i Kinas udvikling. Dette bidrager med et nyt perspektiv på tidens udviklinger, der lægger vægt på deres grundlæggende kontinuitet med det førmoderne.
På den baggrund argumenterer afhandlingen for en omdefinering af tidsperioden som ”sen førmodernitet”, en periode præget af en fortsat udvikling og udvidelse af førmoderne, agrare samfundsformer.
Assessment Committee
- Associate Professor Jane Fejfer, chair (University of Copenhagen)
- Professor Kenneth Pomeranz (University of Chicago)
- Professor John A. Hall (McGill University)
Moderator of the defence
- Head of Department Stuart James Ward (University of Copenhagen)
Copies of the thesis will be available for consultation at the following three places
- At the Information Desk of the Library of the Faculty of Humanities
- In Reading Room East of the Royal Library (the Black Diamond)
- At the Saxo Institute, Karen Blixens Plads 8